Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Technology - Essay Example Globally, technology has become very vital. However, as much as it has enhanced living, it has also brought some challenges like global warming, urban smoke and ozone depletion. The study seeks to outline the rational between technology and global change. Technology has played a very significant role and the transformations are evident in many areas around the planet. The first one is energy generation and consumption in both domestic and commercial use. Generally, power energy is used for warming and cooling our residence while in factories energy is essential in the production process. Currently, with energy resourceful technology, it is possible for individuals to employ a smaller amount of energy to get the same work done that before used very high energy levels. According to Brian and Gary, the use of efficient technologies has enormously contributed in saving money and energy (115). Technology has also led to new ways of generating energy such as wind, geothermal, solar and bio-energy. Energy obtained through these methods is referred to as renewable energy. It is believed to have the technical ability to meet all energy requirements, quickly and simple to set up, cost-effective and environmental friendly. With the correct tech nologies in place, environmental pollution can enormously be cut down while at the same time assist in jobs creation. The second area that has recorded enormous transformation is the transport sector. With the sector tremendously expanding, its segment’s discharges have risen at a much faster pace in contrast to any other power- using sector in excess of the earlier times. The major challenge, therefore, is how to enhance efficiency at the same time reducing discharge. Through technology, advances such as increased miles per gallon in all forms of transport and low–carbon petroleum are day in day out being developed (Brian and Gary

Effects Of Biodiversity Loss And Climate Change

Effects Of Biodiversity Loss And Climate Change Biodiversity is defined as the set of all living organisms and species on land and all natural things around them such as: oceans, rivers, mountains, deserts, land, forests, jungles, animals, plants, atmosphere, heaven and humans. Climate change: climate change is affecting biodiversity so that this becomes a major threat to biodiversity in the coming decades. Since this originated? Although throughout the history of the Earth climate has always changed with the ecosystems and species that came and went, rapid climate change affects ecosystems and the ability of species to adapt and thus increases the loss of biodiversity. While the loss of biodiversity increases the life of humans at risk enters e.g. climate change can dry the water taking into account global warming, and if no water, no human, this would also affect plants as without water, photosynthesis cannot be performed, also with animals and plants not animals without human life disappears. So if biodiversity has this enormou s threat we are under this threat also already there are evidence of how species are responding to global warming. Some examples are as follows: In Costa Ricas golden toad May Have Become Extinct Due to Their Inability to Adapt to Changing temperature Birds like the blue jay in Arizona are starting to reproduce early. Alpine plants are moving to Higher latitudes in Austria Such mammals as Arctic polar bears are feeling the ravages of global warming on ice decline The surface temperatures of the Seas Have produced a Phenomenon of coral bleaching, Yielding by an alga (Which Gives color to the coral) by high temperature, alters nutrient production Penguin Populations Have fallen by 33% in parts of Antarctica In Antarctic poles are melting because of climate change, and this at a major threat to the world as these poles melting caused sea level rise and it will cause flooding and losses till some cities on the coast, I chose these two themes primarily for their long relationship and sec ondly by providing extensive information with which I can learn and study the origins of biodiversity loss and that I can do to avoid it Why biodiversity is important? Life has been able to adapt to the most diverse places on earth, from microscopic creatures that habit in the icy landscapes of the poles to creatures that live in warmer places, since the birds that fly at high altitudes than fish living in depths of the ocean, our planet is full of living organisms. All of them are part of the history of the world in the last 3.5 billion years, which means since the onset of the first cell. Just the study of early life forms, has allowed us to see how they have evolved from the simplest of bacteria to the most complex. And even though we all know that in reality we are only able to identify with a name 10 percent of them, the remaining 90 percent are still a mystery to humans. The vast majority of them are not easily visible to us, but its importance is vital to our existence, are responsible for shifting the balance between different components of the atmosphere, purify the air we repair, recycle wastes of nature to that from dead organic matter can be reborn, and is that the distribution of tasks necessary for the maintenance of ecosystems is very complex and requires the activity of all its components. While more species living more productive and stable the ecosystem will be, and have greater capacity for recovery if there is a drought, fire or any other threat to this. Scientists have begun to realize how much of this, in 1997 a group of economists and environmental scientists tried to measure in economic terms, the services that the environment gives without asking anything in return, and results they achieved almost double the GDP of all countries in the world. We should not be surprising considering all the tasks that nature solves: regulate the at mosphere and climate, fresh water purifies, enriches the soil, recycles nutrients, decodes the waste, is responsible for the pollination of crops, produce fuel wood, food, fuels and humanity, as well as important is the planets biodiversity.http://danierap.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/biodiversidad3.jpg Climate change linked to human activity In the world, human activities have caused and will continue causing wear on biodiversity due to, among other things, changes in use and surface soil, pollution and land degradation and air pollution; the diversion of water into heavily altered ecosystems and urbanization, environmental decay, exploitation of species, introduction of alien species, ozone depletion and weather. The current rate of biodiversity loss is greater than the natural extinction. A fundamental question is how much can change (either natural or human-induced) increase or prevent such loss of biodiversity? The changes in climate create a secondary alteration to biodiversity that has begun affecting it. Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased since preindustrial times due to human activities, particularly fossil fuels and changes in use and on the surface of the soil. For example currently rain fall on the northeast of Europe and the eastern United States and Canada that is considered acidic. The more acid rain in Europe signed up to Scotland. Observed Changes in climate Earth throughout the twentieth century: the temperature has raised land surface and marin patterns have changed spatial and temporal rainfall, has raised sea level, and increased frequency and intensity of phenomena associated with El Nià ±o. These changes, particularly the rise in temperatures in some areas have affected the timing of reproduction of animals and plants and / or migration of animals, to the extent of growing season, distribution of species and population size and frequency of pest and disease outbreaks. Some coastal ecosystems have also been affected by changes in regional climate. Loss of species by climate change The extinction of species increases the biodiversity loss, and with them our existence. For example: bees are disappearing, disappear. The consequences are disastrous this can cause the pollination is what has made it possible for millions of years, to ensure the reproduction from the plant to flower. In addition, 35% of our diet depends on pollination: fruit and vegetables. The most famous food recommended by dieticians. Moreover, in certain regions of the world, the disappearance of pollinating insects forces from Polish farmers to pollinate by hand. Researchers and beekeepers are moving in different scenarios, it has not yet been clearly identified the main cause of the extinction of bees. All pressures on the ecosystem and the health of bees have been revised: GMOs, electromagnetic waves, pesticides, pollution, climate change, scarcity of flowers, viruses, diseases, parasites, fungi, etc. http://img.over-blog.com/299189/0/55/19/29/abejas_transg__nicas.jpg What is expected of climate change? It is expected that climate change affects all aspects of biodiversity. However, these changes must take into account impacts from human activities, past, present and future, including increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide to the wide range of scenarios of CO2 increase is forecast that the average temperature Earths surface to rise between 1.4 and 5.8  ° C by the end of the century, land areas experiencing the highest warming oceans and high latitudes will warm more than the tropics. It is estimated that sea level rise associated with such changes falls 0.1 to 0.9 m. In general, it is expected an increase in precipitation in high latitudes and equatorial areas and decrease in subtropical areas but increased heavy rainfall. It is expected that climate change directly affecting individual organisms, populations, distribution of species, and ecosystem functioning, for example due to increased temperatures and changes in precipitation and in the case of marine ecosystems coastal and expected changes in sea level and strong storm surges, and indirectly, including through the impact of climate change in the intensity and frequency of phenomena such as forest fires. The loss, modification and disintegration of the environment and the introduction and spread of alien species will affect the impacts of climate change. A realistic projection of the future state of terrestrial ecosystems should take into account patterns of land use and water, which will greatly affect the ability of organisms to respond to climate change through movement. Percentage of variation of precipitation over the average forecast for global next 100 years on America. It is expected a decrease in central Chile and an increase in the extreme south. Melt poles by climate change Tropical, subtropical, Mediterranean, continental, desert, polar, mountain high Nobody can predict what weather will need to consider children in 100 years. The warming will force change textbooks because, even worse, alter the ecosystem of more than 60 percent of the land surface. The impact will suffer the most severe tropical forests. If you escape to deforestation, it is likely that the warming stopped. The poles will be reduced, and high mountain climates are also at risk of disappearing. Among all possible future scenarios, scientists have taken two extremes. The first, in which nothing is done to curb the emission of greenhouse gases, the result would be up to 39 percent of the Earths surface, would experience a change in temperature and rainfall that would result in a new climate. Therefore, 48 percent of current climates disappear. In the best case, with an emission control, the change will affect 20 percent of the land surface. The most affected area is the tropical, equat orial forests of Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia as a major hit. According to the model, the equatorial forests could move to the tropics, the deserts (Sahara, Gobi, New Mexico, Kalahari and northern Australia), to the current temperate zones, including Spain, and thus chain, to poles.http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/imag/_v2/ecodiario/medio_ambiente/225250/cambio_clima.jpg Climate change consequences Changes in biodiversity at ecosystem and landscapes, in response to climate change and other pressures (such as deforestation and changes in forest fires), could further affect the global and regional climate through changes in absorption and emission of greenhouse gases and changes in the reflection. Similarly, structural changes in biological communities in the upper layers of the oceans could alter the absorption of CO2 by the ocean or the emission of precursors for cloud condensation nuclei, causing positive or negative reactions or in the climate change. The simulation of changes in biodiversity in response to climate change presents some significant challenges. The data and simulations needed to estimate the extent and nature of future changes in ecosystems and changes in the geographical distribution of the species are incomplete, which means that these effects can be quantified only partially. Flooding in Concepcià ³n by the overflowing of the river Bà ­o Bà ­o, July 2006. Because of climate change March 30, 2007 March, 2008 Effects of the drought of 2007 in Vegas Cayucupil, Caà ±ete. The image shows the same place a year apart Conclusion As I explained earlier biodiversity plays a very important in us as this is vital for human life, and this is being eroded by many factors, but here in this project. Mainly I just said the climate change, we cause rapid climate change which becomes a threat to biodiversity, bone for us, but we can do something to prevent it? Yes, there are many things you can do to help or participate in improving the current condition of the Earth and future conditions are: Improving the efficiency of cars. Be achieved through better technology, lightening the structure, improvements in engines and transmission, reducing aerodynamic drag, decreasing resistance of the wheels, etc. Accelerate improvements in energy efficiency of industries, residences and commercial establishments and public, through effective policies. Stimulate and accelerate research and development of technologies based on energy sources of renewable energy. Ending deforestation and encourage reforestation Recycle Resources http://www.globalissues.org/ http://www.weblens.org/scholar.html http://www.noodletools.com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine.html http://www.searchenginecolossus.com/Academic.html http://virtualprivatelibrary.blogspot.com/Scholar.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines http://www.un.org/en/

They Call Me Anti-American :: essays research papers

Every time I have returned from Honduras I have gone into severe culture shock. It takes me many months to adjust to my native country. This may sound strange to many and others must surely think me insane for saying this thing. They probably wonder how one can experience culture shock in their homeland. To understand it one would have to open their eyes to some basic truths. Most do not want to admit to these truths. They exhibit all of the classic signs of those who have been indoctrinated into to the more controversial cults even down to the classic syndrome which CIA experts in the thought modification business term the â€Å"slide response.† In this response the person being confronted with the truth, or with the wrongness of their actions will attack desperately with illogical arguments. In severe cases they completely â€Å"shut down† mentally rather than face what their subconscious mind tells them to be true. One of the greatest ironies of today is the USA touting itself as the land of the free while individuals in many other nations – particularly some developing nations – enjoy more liberty than many Americans. The US is saturated with federal, state and local laws seeking to regulate and control individuals. That is not the case in many of the so-called third world nations I have visited. Politicians in this country would like for us to believe that the people would be like little lost children without their guidance and, more importantly, their protection. The latest tactics being used are trumped-up threats of terrorist bogeymen to frighten people into even greater submission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps they are right and we have lost the ability to care for ourselves. Americans have been softened by consumerism. Generations of children have been dumbed down through entertainment and the educational system. The latest generation of children is being raised in an environment of tight security. Schools are heavily monitored with cameras, metal detectors, frequent locker searches, police presence and even the new RFID tags. When they become adults, this will all seem normal to them. They will not even remember a time when it was not this way. The essence of liberty is the lack of restraint on the individual. Freedom thrives when individual liberty is unbound. In America, the gospel of security is preached as the defense of freedom but it is a false gospel. In the context of the so-called War on Terror, this new security is actually the greatest threat against our freedom.

Explain why Act 2. Scene 2. is a turning point in the play for Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay

Explain why Act 2. Scene 2. Is a turning point in the play for Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. How should the actors playing these characters behave to show the audience what they are feeling? In the First Act we learn that Macbeth is thought of as a very noble, loyal, brave man. â€Å"For brave Macbeth †¦ O valiant cousin, worthy gentlemen!† Macbeth was victorious in a battle on behalf of the kingdom and gets lots of praise from the king, and the other soldiers, and unknown to him is soon be given the title, ‘Thane Of Cawdor’. Banquo and Macbeth are travelling home and they came across 3 witches. These witches prophisize that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor and that soon after he will become king. â€Å"All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! †¦All hail Macbeth! Thalt shalt be King hereafter.† Macbeth doesn’t pay to much attention to them and continues on with his journey, when he returns home, he finds out that the King is coming to stay with him and Lady Macbeth in their castle. Macbeth then finds out of the title and tells Lady Macbeth of the three witches prophesies, and then Lady Macbeth starts to hatch a plan. Macbeth was so horrified of the idea of killing Duncan because in those days, people believed in something, which was called the divine right of kings. Which meant that they believed the king to have been chosen by god. So an attack on King Duncan would have been considered sacrilege. In Act one, Macbeth comes across as brave and loyal, but if he goes through with the murder, he will be forever looking over his shoulder, he will have to watch what he says and does, because he could be found out. This would change his character entirely. Macbeth has to realise that there can be no going back once the murder has been committed. James 1 would have understood and believed in the divine right of kings, so when the play was being written, including it would have been more interesting as the play was originally wrote for James 1, who was king at the time. Scene 2 has to be the most violent part of the play although we don’t actually see the murder in the written play, it is only included in the film version, which we recently watched, directed by Roman Polantski. It is interesting that Macbeth kills King Duncan offstage, the scene could be written this way because Shakespeare wanted us to concentrate on Macbeth’s reaction to the murder, rather than the murder itself. It’s a crucial part in the play as it the first of many murders. The murder takes place on the night of the King’s stay. Everything that happens in the play now is revolved around this scene. This scene is important because it not only features the murder scene. It is also the start of the falling apart of the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. There is a lot of tension when we see Lady Macbeth pacing about nervously, waiting for Macbeth to come back. We also see Lady Macbeth’s softer side too when she says â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t† meaning if the King had not looked like her father she would have gone through with the murder herself. I imagine her to be looking quite sad at this point, yet nervous, for fear of still being caught. It reminds us that lady Macbeth still has some humanity because it might help the audience to understand why she does what she does at the end of the play. Lady Macbeth hears an owl screech while she is waiting for Macbeth and jumps, as she is clearly quite nervous even though earlier on in the play she says â€Å"That, which hath made them drunk, hath made me bold.† This is obviously not the case. Lady Macbeth may say this half-jokingly and holding the cup up near to her face, which she drinks it. When Macbeth comes to meet his wife they are both nervous, yet they seem excited to, as they don’t speak in full sentences, it’s a short, sharp exchange of words. â€Å"When† , â€Å"Now† , â€Å"as, I descended† , â€Å"Aye†. His shows the audience that they are worried, nervous etc. They will at this maybe looking around them to see if there is anyone coming, or looking at each other trying to see what the other is thinking. Macbeth also still has hold of the daggers, which makes the tension in the scene increase. Macbeth can’t seem to believe he has committed such a crime as he says, â€Å"This is a sorry sight†. He is also referring to his hands, which are covered in blood, Macbeth must have been putting his head in his hands at this point for him not to notice, therefore holding them up in fr ont of his face. He can’t seem to forget about the murder after this point. He seems obsessed with what he has done and almost in a hypnotising state of mind. Lady Macbeth, although in a way mocks him, she stays calm and says to him â€Å"Go get some water and wash this filthy witness from your hands.† Lady Macbeth is probably pushing him to the fountain and is keeping an eye on him, as so, they won’t get caught. Macbeth knows that he might be able to get rid of the stain from his hands but not from his conscience. He says â€Å"Not all Neptune’s ocean can wash me clean†. Lady Macbeth makes fun of Macbeth for dwelling on the murder and has a go at him for being a coward. Macbeth and his wife seem to lose a connection with each other and Shakespeare has made it obvious that Macbeth is the weaker of the two characters and his and Lady Macbeth’s relationship isn’t going very well. He shows this by having Macbeth ramble on, and say long speeches. But Lady Macbeth stays in control, she acts almost evil and without a conscience. The play seems to build up more tension by Macbeth saying that he thought he had heard a voice saying â€Å"Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more.† This could be Macbeth’s imagination, or him hearing another of the witches prophesies. The knocking on the door startles Macbeth, as he knows now, this could tell whether his crime is about to be found out or not. Lady Macbeth again keeps her head amongst all of this, although nervous they will be discovered. Lady Macbeth quickly returns the bloodstained daggers to Duncan’s grooms, and goes one further and says, â€Å"If he do bleed, I’ll guild the grooms with Duncan’s blood, for it must seem their guilt.† Shakespeare has her do this to make the audience aware of how much more confident than Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is. Whereas Macbeth is still in shock of the crime he had committed. Shakespeare conveys that Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s relationship is slowly deteriorating, as Macbeth seems to be acting crazily and Lady Macbeth seems evil and calculating and in control of the situation. The knocking still carrying on, lady Macbeth appears annoyed and urges her husband, to his chamber, where they can hide and come across as innocent to the murder if it is discovered. Shakespeare has once again let Lady Macbeth take control. Shakespeare has cleverly used language and structure of sentences manages to create a lot of tension and excitement in this scene. He uses the right language in the right places to make the characters and the play really believable. Towards the end of the play Macbeth becomes overwhelmed by guilt and fear, he murders anyone he suspects might know. Eventually the heir to crown kills Macbeth, after Lady Macbeth has taken her own life as she is overcome by the guilt. King James and the rest of the Shakespearean audience would have wanted the murders and lies and drama, this is probably what they would have expected. Sacrilege was believed to have been punished by God. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were the murderers so this would have added excitement; the witches added some eerieness and supernatural theme to the play. These are good choices for the play at that particular time, and it still makes it good today.

Health Care – Paper

The facility wants to take in as many tenants' as it could without having the patients' wait an extremely long time. Implementing strategies mentioned below will give facilities better reviews from patients' further letting others know about how efficient the staff is about getting patients' seen faster. When a patient comes in to see a doctor for the first time, they are given a stack of papers which gives the doctor, and medical Insurance specialist information on medical Insurance, demographics, medical history, family history, and so on.This Is a process which prolongs the wait time for the new patient. This can easily be fixed by Implementing a strategy to which patient's fill out registration forms online at their own time before the appointment. A way to further this strategy Is to have an upload feature on the practice's website to where the patient can also send copies of the insurance card and ID to the practice. This method can then be scanned into their electronic medical record software.If the patient does not own a computer, or have access to the Internet, they can have the option to have the forms mailed to them. Another strategy to implement on effective patient intake is to have a card system here each card is assigned a patient and once swiped, gives the medical insurance specialist the information on the patient. The patient can either carry the card, or the practice can keep them on hand. Having a card system will ensure patient's Intake process Is fast, as well as the patient being checked out fast.Having a card system will allow a faster way to which a medical Insurance specialist can upload information sent from the patient through the practice's website onto the card system and the electronic medical record software. To improve a doctor's office further, implementing a strategy to where a patient will to be seen if more than 10 minutes late will also improve the time which a patient is seen by a doctor. According to Cootie, Patella, and Gonzalez (2008), â€Å"On-time patients were found to have a longer wait time once in the exam room for the physician than those that were late (14. Ð’Â ± 9. 2 minutes versus 11. 0 Ð’Â ± 8. 4 minutes, P = . 005); however, those patients spent a significantly longer time with the physician† (Para. 1). If patients' are aware of a late arrival, they will be more adept to arriving on time. This strategy will Improve how fast patients' are being seen with the amount of time being pent on each patient. This strategy can be stated In the practice's policies which are given to a patient upon registration and made aware of at that time. There can also come into the office.When a patient comes in and registers at the front office, there are multiple people handling all sorts of tasks, such as answering the phones, checking in patients. Entering patient information and taking patient's to rooms where their pulse, weight, and reason for visit is taken down. Because of these multi -tasters, it is usually difficult to get patient registered fast enough to be seen. For this reason, at a busy office, there should be one person dedicated to registering patients to maximize the efficiency of patient intake.This will also ensure that all information from the patient is accurate. This will also ensure that established patients' information is current and up-to-date. With the implementation of these strategies to improve patient intake, patients' will feel better knowing they can have a visit to the doctor without having to wait a long time. Patients' also look for doctor's practices to where the wait time is short between all processes of intake.

Study of Hematology and Blood The WritePass Journal

Study of Hematology and Blood Study of Hematology and Blood Granulocytes:Agranulocytes:MATERIALS METHODSRESULTSCalculationsDISCUSSIOREFERENCESRelated INTRODUCTION Blood is a red syrupy fluid that is thicker than water. It carries out the important functions of transporting oxygen and getting rid of carbon-dioxide and other waste products as well as transporting nutrients to our cells. And it also plays a crucial function in immune system and in maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. Blood is a tissue that is composed of many different kinds of components. Blood is composed of cells, cellular fragments and fluid. And these are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. ich.ucl.ac.uk/factsheets/families/F030004/ Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are cells with no nuclei. They appear relatively large under microscope. These cells are similar to the primitive prokaryotic cells of bacteria. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon-dioxide. ‘’The red blood cells are produced continuously in the bone marrow from stem cells at a rate of about 2-3 million cells per second’’ (O’Neil, 2007). White blood cells (leucocytes) are much larger than red blood cells, but it is able to change its shape so it can squeeze through little gaps. White blood cells contain nucleus and has colourless cytoplasm. They are involved in protection from bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. These cells are formed in the white bone marrow of the long bones. White blood cells have five types (each cell has a task in helping the body fight infections): Granulocytes: Neutrophils (engulf bacteria) Eosinophils (antihistamine properties) Basophils (produce histamine and heparin) Agranulocytes: Monocytes (engulf bacteria) Lymphocytes (produce antibodies) (Fullick, A., 1994, p.142) Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell parts with no nuclei. It releases blood clotting chemicals at the site of wounds. Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called megakaryocyte, which stays in the bone marrow after it differentiates and matures from the stem cell. The platelets circulate body after leaving the bone marrow. Platelets contain high concentrations of 5-Ht (G-protein linked receptors), which is not synthesized inside the platelets but is actively absorbed from the circulation by specific uptake mechanisms. 5-HT is stored in secretor granules and discharged during platelet aggregation in reaction to endothelial damage. 5-HT causes a direct local constrictor effect as well as an increase in platelet aggregation, thereby encourages haemostasis. Haemostasis is a vital defence mechanism aimed at minimizing blood loss during injury. There are billions of living blood cells in human body that are floating in liquid called plasma. The plasma is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, potassium, calcium salts and many other chemicals that help for clotting when necessary to stop bleeding. More than 92% of plasma is water. As the heart pumps blood to cells throughout the body, plasma brings nourishment to them and also removes the waste products of metabolism. The layers of blood cells can be seen under the microscope, once it is centrifuged. This machine spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells from the white blood cells and from platelets. In this process the red blood cells sink to the bottom as they are heavier and have more solid parts. Therefore the plasma remains right at the top, as it is lighter. (Genetic science learning centre, 2008) uwosh.edu/med_tech/teaching/ElementaryHemeWeb/LEARN%20ABOUT%20RBCS%20AND%20PLTS.htm When clotted blood is centrifuged to separate the cellular components a fluid is formed, called serum. The difference between plasma and serum is that the latter lacks fibrinogen and some of the coagulation factors. Fibrinogen is an important blood protein made in the liver and it is involved in clotting. Fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin by an enzyme called thrombin.   And this enzyme is essential to coagulation. Coagulation is to prevent excessive blood loss. A clot is composed of two elements, which are platelets and fibrin. Blood coagulation takes place due to the sequential conversion of series of inactive proteins into catalytically active protease enzymes. Anticoagulants correspond to important therapeutic agents in the management of thromboembolic disease. (Blann, 2007; Lewis, 2006). http://faculty.ccri.edu/kamontgomery/physiology%20blood.htm The main purpose of the Haematology Laboratory is to provide assistance in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients. To accomplish this, the components of the blood are analysed. This is almost always achieved in custom-designed equipment. All the blood tubes and forms must be fully labelled to avoid any possible fatal error. Caution needs to be taken when dealing with the blood samples and all laboratory rules must be applied. Red blood cells contain a special protein called Haemoglobin (Hb), which is responsible for making red blood cells red. Hb is a protein that is premeditated to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; this is where the oxygen is given up to take part in respiration. The standard range of Hb in blood differs between sexual categories. Hb values for women are lower due to menstruating and higher for men. But even when the women are in post-menopausal period, the Hb levels are still lower than age-matched men. This is because the latter produce testosterone to stimulate red cell production. ‘’ The red blood cell count (RCC): Normal range in men 4.32 to 5.66x 1012/L, in women 3.88 to 4.991012/L.’’ (Blann, 2007. p.8). The amount of Hb in blood could be measured in following conversion to azidmethaemoglobin by the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium azide. This is a method employed by one portable haemoglobinometer (HemoCue, Clandon Scientific Ltd.)- This instrument only measures Hb. It takes up measurements at two wavelengths, which are 570nm and 880nm to compensation for turbidity. The reading of the haemoglobin content of the sample is measured in gram/litre blood. A modification of this instrument permits accurate measurements down to 0.1 g/L so that it is also suitable for measurement of dilute solutions of haemoglobin, e.g. haemoglobin in fluid salvaged during surgery, plasma or urine. (Bain, 2002, p. 18). Haematocrit is known as packed cell volume (PVC) or Hct, Crit. This is a count to calculate the whole blood that is taken up by all the blood cells. Haematocrit is measured in percentage and can be converted to SI units by diving into 100. The red blood cell indices are mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). MCV is the size of the average (mean) red blood cell. MCV can be calculated by; PCVà ·RCC.   MCH reports the average amount (mass) of haemoglobin in the average cell. The size of the cell is not taken into account. MCH can be calculated by; Hbà ·RCC. MCHC is the average concentration of haemoglobin inside the average size cell. MCHC can be calculated by Hbà ·Hct. Aim is to study rat blood sample given to us. Therefore count the visible red blood cells under microscope at high power using Neubauer Chamber. Following this count of red blood cells calculations will be applied in which it will determine the haematology of the provided rat blood sample. MATERIALS METHODS Method carried out is exactly the same as in the practical schedule. The practical booklet is called ‘Level 1, Biosciences Programme; Human Physiology, 1LFS0029 ’. The practical carried out is on pp. 29-32 and called HP6- Haematology’.   No amendments have been made.  Ã‚  Ã‚   RESULTS Table 1:   Comparing the values obtained from rat blood samples to the rat reference ranges Parameter Values obtained from rat blood samples Reference ranges for rats Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC) 8.641012/l 6.76-9.7510/l Within the range Determination of haemoglobin (Hb) 178 g/l 115-161 g/l Higher by 17g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC) 0.49 l/l 0.38-0.51l/l Within the range Mean cell volume (MCV) 57 fl 69-85 fl Lower by 12 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 20.6 pg 24-30 pg Lower by 3.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 363.27 g/l 320-360 g/l Higher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value   Table 1 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the rat reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 1). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 1; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range. These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment.   Table 2: Comparing the values obtained for rat blood samples to human (female and male) reference ranges. Parameter Values obtained from rats blood samples Reference ranges for male (with the units) Difference between the standard and obtained results Reference ranges for female (with the units) Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC) 8.641012/l 3.5-6.010/l Higher by 2.641012/l of the maximum range value 3.5-5.510/l Higher by 3.1410/l of the maximum range value Determination of haemoglobin (Hb) 178 g/l 135-180 g/l Within the range 115-165 g/l Higher by 13g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC) 0.49 l/l 0.35-0.55 l/l Within the range 0.3-0.5 l/l Within the range Mean cell volume (MCV) 57 fl 80-96 fl Lower by 23 fl of the minimum range value 80-96 fl Lower by 23 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 20.6 pg 27-32 pg Lower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value 27-32 pg Lower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 363.27 g/l 320-360 g/l Higher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value 320-360 g/l Higher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value Table 2 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the human (male and female) reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 2). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 2; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range; this was expected as these values are compared to the human reference range values. Values are different between sexual categories, apart from the values for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC).   These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment.   Calculations Red cell count (RCC) The number of erythrocytes counted in 80 small sequences on the Neubauer haemocytometer is 864. Multiplying this value by 1010 will give the number of erythrocytes in one litre of blood: 8641010 = 8.64x 1012 /l This RCC value is higher than an average value of standard human haematological indices. The standard value of human haematological indices for male is 3.5-6.01012/l and for female is 3.5-5.51012. The RCC value is within the average value for standard rat haematological indices. The standard value of rat haematological indices is 6.76-9.751012/l. Haematocrit (PCV) The percentage of a blood sample occupied by erythrocytes after centrifugation in a capillary tube is 49%. Hct= (distance of red blood cell collected in the centrifuge tube à · distance of total  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   blood composition) x 100 This value can be converted into SI units, dividing by 100: 49(%) à · 100= 0.49 l/ The PVC value is within the normal range of value for human males and females. The standard value of PVC for male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for female is 0.30-0.50 l/l. The PVC value is also within the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of PVC for rat is 0.38-0.51 l/l. Haemoglobin (Hb) content of a blood sample using ‘Hemocue’ haemoglobinmeter The recorded Hb content is 178 g/l of blood. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is within the standard value for human blood. The standard value of Hb content for human blood for male is 135-180g/l and for female is 115/165g/l. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is above the standard value for rats. The standard value of Hb content for rat blood is 115-161g/l. Mean Cell Volume (MCV) MCV = PCVà ·RCC = n x1012  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1000= y x1015 MCV is in 1015 so therefore this value needs to be multiplied by 1000. 0.49à ·8.64= 0.0571012 0.0571000=57 x1015 MCV= 57fl The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for human males and females. The standard values of MCV for human male and female are 80-96fl. The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCV for rats is 69-85fl. Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) MCH= Hbà ·RCC 178à ·8.64= 20.60pg (2d.p.) MCH= 20.6 pg The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for human male and females. The standard value of MCH for human male and female are 27-32pg. The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCH for rats is 24-30pg. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) MCHC= Hbà ·Hct 178à ·0.49= 363.27g/l (2d.p.) MCHC= 363.27 g/l The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for human male and female. The standard value of MCHC for human male and female are 320-360g/l. The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCHC for rats is 320-360g/l. DISCUSSIO The value obtained from rat blood sample for red cell count (RCC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for Hb is 8.641012/l. When this value is compared to the human reference range, it is higher. RCC differs between the sexual categories, reference range for human male is between 3.5-6.01012/l and for human female is 3.5-5.51012/l. So therefore the RCC value obtained for rat blood sample is closer to the human male reference range than female reference range. The standard RCC of rat blood is much higher than human’s standard RCC.   So the results obtained for RCC is accurate. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haemoglobin (Hb) is higher than the expected value. The value obtained for Hb is 178 g/l/. So therefore the obtained value is 17g/l higher than the maximum reference range for rats. This could be because of an operator error whilst filling round the chamber, or while removing the excess blood and place in haemoglobinmeter. The other source of error could be rat blood sample used. It might have had different Hb values from the rest. When this value is compared to the reference range of human values, noticed that obtained values are closer to the standard Hb of human values. Hb values differ between sexual categories; reference range for human male is between 135-180 g/l and for human female is115-165 g/l. So therefore the values obtained from rat blood sample are within the range in reference range value of human male and for female it is 13 g/l higher from the maximum reference range of female. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haematocrit (PVC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for PVC is 0.49 l/l. This value has been converted to SI units from the percentage number. It has been converted by dividing the percentage number into 100. This value is also compared with the human reference range, both for male and female. The reference range value for human male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for human female is 0.3-0.5 l/l. the value obtained for PVC from rat blood sample is within the range of human male and female reference range a value. Mean cell volume (MCV) value is obtained by the values already obtained for PCV and RCC. So therefore MCV value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is lower by 12fl of the minimum range value. The value obtained for MCV is 57fl; this value has been gained after a series of calculations. The value of MCV is lower than the reference range for rats (69-85fl). This could be because the PVC value obtained is lower than the expected or the RCC value is bigger than the expected value. As the RCC value increases the MCV value decreases and as PCV increases the MCV value increases. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case the values are the same for male and female), it is lower by 23fl from the minimum value. Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and RCC. So therefore MCH value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCH is lower by 3.4pg of the minimum range value.   The value obtained for MCH is 20.6pg, where as the reference range value for rat is 24-30pg. This could have been because the Hb value obtained is low for the calculation, but the Hb value is already higher than the reference range value. And RCC is within the range so the expected value for MCH was higher than the reference range.   This inaccurate value could be a result of the RCC value being close to the maximum value. If this value was a bit lower, the MCH value would be in the range or closer to the reference range of rat. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case male and female values are the same), it is lower by 6.4pg of the minimum range value. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and Hct. So therefore MCHC value varies due to these values. The reference range numbers for rat and human (male and female) values are all the same with each other. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is lower by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value (for human and rat). As the Hb value increase, the MCHC values increases too and as the Hct value increases, the MCHC value decreases. Hct value is already within the range, so therefore Hb value is the in accurate result. Hb value needs to be the nearest to the maximum value, so that the MCHC value would be in the range. The values calculated for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC) from rat blood sample are not within the range. So this means that the results obtained are not accurate. The values obtained for RCC and PVC/Hct from rat blood sample is within the range of rat reference range. But Hb value is higher than the maximum range value. This could be because of an operator error in poor pipetting technique or poor counting technique Strong dilution of sample could result in inadequate results. As seen on the Table1 RCC and PVC/Hct values are very close to the maximum of reference range value, and Hb value is higher than the maximum of reference range value. So therefore the sample might not have been diluted properly, take for granted that the sample was stronger than how it should have been. REFERENCES Blann, A. (2007). Routine blood results explained. (2nd Ed.). Birmingham: MK. Bain, B.J. (2002). Blood cells; a practical guide. (3rd Ed.). London: Blackwell. Genetic science learning centre. (2008). What is blood:   blood is made up of four components. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/blood.cfm. Lewis, S.M., Bain, B.J. Bates, I. (2006). Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. (10th Ed.). In Vulliamy, T., Kaeda, J. (Ed.), Molecular and cytogenetic analysis. (p. 564) London: Elsevier Ltd. Appelt, G.D. Appelt, J.M. (1988). Therapeutic pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger. Brody, T.M., Larner, J. Minneman, K.P. (1998). Human pharmacology, molecular to clinical. (3rd Ed.). Missouri: Mosby. O’Neil, D. (2007). Blood components. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/blood_components.htm. Hughes-Jones, N.C., Wickramasinghe, S.N. Hatton, C. (2004).   Haematology. (7th Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Grahame-Smith, D.G. Aronson, J.K. (2002). Clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford press. Saeb-parsy, K., assomull, R.G., Khan, F.Z., Saeb-Parsy, K. Kelly, E. (1999). Instant pharmacology. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Hoffbrand, A.V. Pettit, J.E. (1993). Essential haematology. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Hoffman, R., Benz, E.J., Shattil, S.J., Furie, B., Cohen, H.J., Silberstein, L.E., et al. (2005). Haematology, basic principles and practice. (4th Ed.). In Felgar R.E. Ryan D.H. (Ed.), Automated analysis of blood cells. (pp. 2673-2678) Pennsylvania: Elsevier. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, (2004). Hematocrit. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/test.html. Fullick, A., (1994). Biology. Oxford: Heinemann.

Corruption and Nepotism Essays

Corruption and Nepotism Essays Corruption and Nepotism Essay Corruption and Nepotism Essay Corruption in India is a consequence of the nexus between Bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India is now no longer considered a soft state. It has now become a consideration state where everything can be had for a consideration. Today, the number of ministers with an honest image can be counted on fingers. At one time, bribe was paid for getting wrong things done but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. In India, corruption attacks the fundamental values of human dignity and political equality of the people and hence there is a pressing need to formulate a fundamental human right to corruption-free service. The development of a fundamental human right to a corruption-free society will be observed initially from an international perspective so as to elevate the violation of this right to the status of an international crime. This would provide the comparative basis to elevate the right to corruption-free service to the status of a fundamental right within the framework of the Indian Constitution. One of the definitions of the term corruption is giving something to someone with power so that he will abuse his power and act favoring the giver. Another definition is the offering, giving, soliciting or acceptance of an inducement or reward, which may influence the action of any person. It includes bribery and extortion which involve at least two parties, and other types of malfeasance that a public official can commit alone, including fraud and embezzlement. The appropriation of public assets for private use and the embezzlement of public funds by politicians and bureaucrats have such clear and direct adverse impact on Indias economic development that their costs do not warrant any complex economic analysis. There are many myths about corruption, which have to be exploded if we really want to combat it. Some of these myths are: Corruption is a way of life and nothing can be done about it. Only people from underdeveloped or developing countries are prone to corruption. We will have to guard against all these crude fallacies while planning measures to fight corruption. The significance of corruption as a factor that adversely affects the growth of a country is being increasingly recognized. Corruption, in the words of Indira Gandhi, is a world phenomenon. It exists in developed countries too. Corruption is institutionalized as a part of the democratic process in the USA as lobbying and public relations activities and the country prides in its mushrooming lobbying and public relations firms with major foreign governments inter allies as its clients. The firms are nothing but mammoth business houses indulging in legal corruption. This no how justifies corruption other where. Indian corruption has special characteristics that make it far more damaging than corruption in other parts of the world. First, people in India being poor and largely dependent on the Government for decent living and even survival, and limited by its excessive laws, rules, regulations and largess in almost all activities of life with high rates of taxation on every conceivable items and services, corruption literally sucks life out of their existence unlike those in developed countries whose dependence on the Government is relatively not so deep and prelate. This renders corruption in India an extremely dangerous phenomenon with terminal consequences on the culture, value system and the quality and the content of the life of the people. Second, corruption in India flows down from above. Corruption at the top affects key decisions and policies with sweeping implications while core decisions in developed countries are taken on merit through transparent competition. The chief economic consequences of corruption are the loss to the exchequer, an unhealthy climate for investment and an increase in the cost of government-subsidized services. India still ranks in the bottom quartile of developing nations in terms of the ease of doing business, and compared to China and other lower developed Asian nations, the average time taken to secure the clearances for a startup or to invoke bankruptcy is much greater. Nepotism Introduction: Nepotism is the act of favoring relatives over other employees. The word nepotism is derived from the Latin word ‘nepote’ which means grandson or nephew. Nepotism in the workplace arises when employers favor relatives in their employment decisions, with little consideration for the requirements of a position. Skill and experience are excluded creating a corrupt environment in the workplace. Nepotism is considered almost everywhere as an unfair practices though common in many small companies and non-profit organizations. There is no strict law in writing stating that nepotism is prohibited, but there are a number of anti-nepotism policies† that shield the government agencies and public institutions only. Anti nepotism policies prevents relatives, whether by blood or marriage to work in the same firm or department. Many consider this as unfair treatment and even some states consider employer anti-nepotism policies to be discriminatory on the basis of marital status, if they avert qualified married couples from working together and many a times both the man and the woman are too valuable for a company to choose one of them. In many family owned businesses, nepotism is considered very favorable and a synonym for success since costs can be cut if the family members are trained in various sectors of management to ensure continuity of the firm. Nepotism does not take into consideration whether the person they are about to hire is fit for the job, fit for the culture, would make immense positive changes or not, but they hire nonetheless as a favour to that person unaware that his/her lack of competence can cause the business grave losses financially and productivity wise. As and when a job vacancy occurs the recruiter must follow the correct, legal and fair procedure of recruiting to avoid legal hassles and employee turnover. Corruption and Nepotism at Organization level: Corruption as a competitive disadvantage is reflected by dishonesty and untrustworthiness, which both hurt a firm’s competitive position in the market. An exchange partner worthy of trust is one that will not exploit other’s exchange vulnerabilities. Although trust is an attribute of a relationship between exchange partners, trustworthiness is an attribute of individual exchange partners. Credibility is an important resource that creates competitive advantage and distinguishes a firm from other rivals. Corruption and bribery, however, precipitate dishonesty and dissipate credibility. When a firm is involved in corruption and bribery, other firms will perceive it as unreliable and avoid it. Dishonesty and unreliability thus destroy, rather than stimulate, business networks. The illicit nature of corruption mirrors an individual or organizational untrustworthiness. Being law-abiding is a prerequisite element for corporate reputation and Trustworthiness. Because organizational trustworthiness is, in large part, embedded in top Managers’ credibility and honesty, corruption has an enduring effect on the firm unless these managers are removed from the organization. In an increasingly competitive environment, long-term relationships with suppliers, buyers, distributors, and other firms affecting a firm’s backward or forward value chain become fundamental. A break in such long-term relationships as a result of corruption longitudinally and fundamentally hampers a firm’s market reputation and competitive advantages. Restoring old relationships and initiating new networks might take years if an incidence of corruption or bribery occurs. Moreover, unreliability and untrustworthiness arising from corruption reduce consumer confidence in a firm’s service and erode consumer loyalty. This further inflates a firm’s competitive disadvantage in the market. In the perception of most consumers, corporate bribery or corruption implies organizational illness and operational deficiency. It violates business ethics and arms-length business principles. Since top managers are more or less involved with corrupt activities, corruption implies problematic organizational leadership and ill business morality. Under such leadership, it is realistically impossible for a firm to have an innovative culture, efficient administration, transparent communication, effective information flow and productive collaboration across departments or divisions within a firm. Corruption is an organizational pathology that results from impediments created by the bureaucratic structure . Its essential theme is the inability of bureaucratic organizations to accomplish public purposes because there are certain inherent characteristics in every administrative system that is detrimental to honest behavior. It is clear that the bureaucracy is not so pure from the very inside. So it is not surprising to find that organizational officials are motivated to create informational networks of friends, favor recipients, contracts, and communication links based on primarily personal, rather than official relationships with others. Nor is it unusual that organization that cannot charge money for their services must develop nonmonetary costs to impose on their clients as means of rationing their outputs.

Understanding Jacklighting

Understanding Jacklighting Jacklighting is the practice of shining a light into a forest or a field at night, to find animals for hunting. This can be done with car headlights, spotlights, searchlights or other lights, mounted on a vehicle or not. The animals are temporarily blinded and stand still, making it easier for hunters to kill them. In some areas, jacklighting is illegal because it is considered unsporting and dangerous because the hunters cannot see far enough beyond the targeted animal. Laws Regarding Jacklighting Where jacklighting is illegal, the law has a specific definition of the prohibited activity. For example, in Indiana: (b) A person may not knowingly throw or cast the rays of any spotlight or other artificial light:(1) not required by law on a motor vehicle; and(2) in search of or upon any wild bird or wild animal;from a vehicle while the person possesses a firearm, bow, or crossbow, if by throwing or casting the rays a wild bird or wild animal could be killed. This subsection applies even though the animal is not killed, injured, shot at, or otherwise pursued.(c) A person may not take any wildlife, except furbearing mammals, with the aid of illumination of any spotlight, searchlight, or other artificial light.(d) A person may not shine a spotlight, searchlight, or other artificial light for the purpose of taking, attempting to take, or assisting another person to take a deer. In New Jersey, the law states: No person or persons while in or on a vehicle shall throw or cast the rays of any illuminating device including, but not limited to, a spotlight, flashlight, floodlight or headlight, which is affixed to a vehicle or which is portable, on or in any area where deer may reasonably be expected to be found, while having in his or their possession or control, or in or on the vehicle, or any compartment thereof, whether or not the vehicle or compartment is locked, any firearm, weapon or other instrument capable of killing deer. Additionally, hunting at night is illegal in some states, whether or not a spotlight is being used. Some states specify which types of animals may be hunted with spotlights at night. Also Known As: spotlighting, shining, lamping Examples: A conservation officer caught four men jacklighting in the state park last night, and cited them for violating state hunting regulations.

Project managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project managment - Assignment Example Supply Chain management Review, one of the industry’s leading prints published an article by David Anderson, Frank Brit and Donavon Favre titled: The seven principles of Supply Chain Management. This came at the time when the depth of SCM as a concept was relatively unexplored and the article therefore opened a door into further studies on how to better the idea and come up with improved models. According to Bowersox, Closs, & Cooper (2007), the 1997 article properly discussed the need to adapt supply chain to the needs of customers. The agreement with this is an indicator of the futuristic nature of the article by Anderson et al, who suggested that customers should be segmented according to their diverse service needs. The suggestion to use sales volume and profitability as the matrices for segmentation has since the production of this literature been adopted by industries and major trade channels. Amazon for example, applied this concept to initiate a program dubbed; Amazon Prime where free 2 day and one day shipping at a discounted rate is provided. In the midst of scepticism, customer numbers at Amazon has continued to rise since the launch of this program as evidence of its success. Chopra & Meindl (2001) in their book- Supply chain management: strategy, planning, and operation discussed the need to customize logistics networks if service to customers if to be optimised. According to them, once customers have been segments and their needs clearly outlined, logistics networks must then be tailored to best serve each segment. This in the end ensures that custom made solutions apply among the many groupings for maximum efficiency and profitability. Wang, Heng & Chau (2007) discussed the need to align demand planning across the entire supply chain so that data on demand is shared on a common platform among associates to ensure all those involved do not keep excess stock. This sharing of demand data ensured that partners know in real time where a specific

TOWS analysis of the case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

TOWS analysis of the - Case Study Example Medical therapy is a secondary stage in the prevention where there is improvement in the walking distance after the primary stage of prevention. The medical therapy is helpful to determine fats, cholesterol and carbohydrates in the body. Medical concern and consideration for those that have developed the disease also involve using antihypertensive, anti-cholesterol, and smoking cessation. This is regarded as the primary stage when the condition is noticed (Alonso, McManus & Fisher, 2011). Revascularization is a secondary preventive measure. The measure is carried out through stenting, angioplasty, surgery and atherectomy. Improvements that have been observed in the technique has resulted to the use of endovascular revascularization to an extensive range of patients over the previous decade for both serious symptoms and less severe indications. In the technique, there are clinical trials that have been performed with the aim of determining the best strategies for patients with the con dition (Uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org, 2015). Physical assessment is an important aspect in prevention of the infection and help recovery from the condition. Physical assessment is done in the tertiary stage after treatment where the patient is seen through the infection recovery. Physical assessment will be able to portray some of the desired features of recovery such as low fats that leads to reduction in fatness in an individual (Alonso, McManus & Fisher, 2011). Uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org,. (2015).  Final Recommendation Statement: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and CVD in Adults: Risk Assessment with Ankle Brachial Index - US Preventive Services Task Force. Retrieved 28 May 2015, from

Foreign Aid and Dictatorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Human Subjects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Subjects - Research Paper Example elinek works in however has never experienced any labour unrests for over thirty years, due to relatively higher payment and better or favorable working conditions. In the surge and increase of the internet, the industry and market as a whole has borne the brunt of change as most of the competitors lost their cutting edge and business or market share to the internet. This is to imply that customers value the retail services that they get from the internet as compared to physical or manual retail stores and shops. On the contrary, the Costco Company has continued to increase and grow in terms of stock price and sales (www.bloomberg.com). In the conventional and simple sense, it is as if the Costco Company has defied business and marketing conventions to realize an increase in its portfolio despite the fact that business and market as a whole is experiencing difficult times in the conventional sense and aspect. According to Craig Jelenik, the company gives better pay and more comfortable working environment where the welfare of the workers is ensured. For instance, Craig Jelenik mentions that people ought to have wages with health benefits ensure s that more money rotates back to the society which in turn would create a healthier nation. He also went ahead to write and advise the congress to increase the minimum wage to $9 an increase from the past level. The main reason as to why he fronts an increase in the minimum wage is so as to ensure that the employee productivity is increased, their loyalty and commitment is unwavering and the turnover of employees is high. Under the prevailing circumstance of labour unrest and demands in pay rise, the Costco Company has continued to give its employees a higher minimum wage as compared to what the government stipulates for minimum pay per hour. For instance, it pays its employees $20.89 an hour as compared to the stipulated wage rate of $9-which other retail stores pays their customers. The researchers demanded and inquired

The types of board diversity and its impact on board performance Essay

The types of board diversity and its impact on board performance - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of diversity as the difference between things or people, the variety of assortment that makes us unique. Every person has unique skills, characteristics, and challenges that contribute much in the board performance. Despite that, the body structure is the same; physical characteristics differ making people have a greater deal of diversity. Diversity has the composition of age, gender, race, and ethnicity, education, physical appearance, political persuasion among others. It is the examination of these differences in a safe, affirmative, and fostering environment. Age diversity- workforce increasingly varied in age demographics, creating proficient environment loaded with experience and maturity as well as youthful enthusiasm. Companies that employ more workers in wide ranges of age have an advantage of creating a dynamic workforce with a diverse range of skills beneficial to the company. Gender diversity- it is an Umbrella term used by Aus tralians to swap transgender in a more comprehensive fashion. It is the skill of sex or gender identity beyond the biological and dual philosophy of male and female. It celebrates the diversity in gender identities rather than some categories of people. Gender composition in a workplace has its own advantages and disadvantages in the workforce. Most of the top boards in Australian do not have women. The following graph shows the percentage of women in 48 boards, in ASX 200 files. Available from: http://www.companydirectors.com.au/Director-Resource-Centre/Governance-and-Director-Issues/Board-Diversity/~/media/Resources/Director%20Resource%20Centre/Governance%20and%20director%20issues/Board%20diversity/Board%20Diversity%20images/Graph%20images/Percentageofwomen_19April.ashx?w=360&h=275&as=1 [accessed on May 03 2013] Race diversity- a race is a population distinguished from other populations within a species by hereditarily transmitted physical characteristics. It has a unique and distinct ensemble of genes and remains identified by this genetic ensemble. Members of the same race share distinguished genetic characteristics because they share the same ancestry. This also depends on language distribution. The following graph show race or ethnic diversity from a county make up. Available from: Http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl [accessed on May 06 2013] Culture diversity- this is about the ethnic groups, nationalities, lifestyles, and the educational level. Two people may appear similar on the outside but have different cultures, values, view points, and work styles. It is equally valuable for a business to acknowledge multiple cultures that exist within the work place. Mangers work in hand with the employees to ensure that their cultures remain respected. The following graph shows women cultural diversity on trusteeship in 1931. Available from: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl [accessed on May 06 2013] Religion diversity- people continue to express a high level of religion involvement that is highly significant and productive in both the work force and our daily lives. In the recent, religious discrimination, remain practiced highly in the workforce. This diversity contributes much in the performance of a company. Catholics and Christians have the highest percentage in Australia while others like Anglican, uniting church, Presbyterian and reformed among others follow. The following gr

Why Do Voters Vote Against Their Party Dissertation

Why Do Voters Vote Against Their Party - Dissertation Example The importance of this study is to determine the relationship between voting and party identification. The party identification significantly affects the outcome of an election. This was especially true in many elections that took place between 1972 and 2008 and this effect is mostly felt on the presidential vote choice.2 The effect of party ID was weaker between 1980 and 2000, but saw a dramatic rise in effect from 2004 to 2008. Ideological reputation is an emerging perception and attitude that citizens portray towards parties. This is the reason for the greater consistency in the policy views of the members of the public and their partisanship. This means the choice of leadership is motivated by partisanship which consequently implies party identification. In examining of these factors we draw the understanding of the nature of election results as well as the dynamics of the American election. Hence it is true that there is a close link of party identification to the voting choices of American citizens. Mark Twain stated â€Å"no party holds the privilege to dictate me how I shall vote. If loyalty to party is a form of patriotism, I am no patriot†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 3 Plausible reasons why voters vote against their party identification include long term and short term factors. Candidate quality also has a bearing on vote choice. For example, incumbents are evaluated based on their previous record of work hence they can or cannot benefit from the voter evaluation depending on the quality of their work.

The types of board diversity and its impact on board performance Essay

The types of board diversity and its impact on board performance - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of diversity as the difference between things or people, the variety of assortment that makes us unique. Every person has unique skills, characteristics, and challenges that contribute much in the board performance. Despite that, the body structure is the same; physical characteristics differ making people have a greater deal of diversity. Diversity has the composition of age, gender, race, and ethnicity, education, physical appearance, political persuasion among others. It is the examination of these differences in a safe, affirmative, and fostering environment. Age diversity- workforce increasingly varied in age demographics, creating proficient environment loaded with experience and maturity as well as youthful enthusiasm. Companies that employ more workers in wide ranges of age have an advantage of creating a dynamic workforce with a diverse range of skills beneficial to the company. Gender diversity- it is an Umbrella term used by Aus tralians to swap transgender in a more comprehensive fashion. It is the skill of sex or gender identity beyond the biological and dual philosophy of male and female. It celebrates the diversity in gender identities rather than some categories of people. Gender composition in a workplace has its own advantages and disadvantages in the workforce. Most of the top boards in Australian do not have women. The following graph shows the percentage of women in 48 boards, in ASX 200 files. Available from: http://www.companydirectors.com.au/Director-Resource-Centre/Governance-and-Director-Issues/Board-Diversity/~/media/Resources/Director%20Resource%20Centre/Governance%20and%20director%20issues/Board%20diversity/Board%20Diversity%20images/Graph%20images/Percentageofwomen_19April.ashx?w=360&h=275&as=1 [accessed on May 03 2013] Race diversity- a race is a population distinguished from other populations within a species by hereditarily transmitted physical characteristics. It has a unique and distinct ensemble of genes and remains identified by this genetic ensemble. Members of the same race share distinguished genetic characteristics because they share the same ancestry. This also depends on language distribution. The following graph show race or ethnic diversity from a county make up. Available from: Http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl [accessed on May 06 2013] Culture diversity- this is about the ethnic groups, nationalities, lifestyles, and the educational level. Two people may appear similar on the outside but have different cultures, values, view points, and work styles. It is equally valuable for a business to acknowledge multiple cultures that exist within the work place. Mangers work in hand with the employees to ensure that their cultures remain respected. The following graph shows women cultural diversity on trusteeship in 1931. Available from: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl [accessed on May 06 2013] Religion diversity- people continue to express a high level of religion involvement that is highly significant and productive in both the work force and our daily lives. In the recent, religious discrimination, remain practiced highly in the workforce. This diversity contributes much in the performance of a company. Catholics and Christians have the highest percentage in Australia while others like Anglican, uniting church, Presbyterian and reformed among others follow. The following gr

Mill vs. Raz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mill vs. Raz - Essay Example Guided by 'one very simple principle' he outlines an argument for a system, which he believed, provided the best possible environment for individual and social progress (Mill, 1991, p.30). Mill advocates for human's shortcoming and their incompleteness of knowledge, which means that the "truth" is not always the truth. Based on Mill's assertions, any one group who attempts to coerce another group or individual is breaching individual liberty, which leads to the stagnation of the intellectual community. The key to progress lies in the condition of seeking the best span of human experience and development. The individual in the Millian liberal society is engaged in 'experiments in living'; attempts to find "new, deeper or merely different sources of happiness in life", uncoerced by the state or fellow individuals. (Ryan, 1991, p.166) The most important aspect of well-being is to note that the individual has complete authority in matters regarding themselves, society does not have the r ight to restrict the individual, as long as the actions of the individual is not causing harm to themselves or others. Liberty is, therefore, an integral component of well-being; liberty provides the best possible conditions to achieve the "permanent interests of man as a progressive being." (Mill, 1991, p.31) In Joseph's Raz's The Morality of Freedom, his theory does not rest on a human being's fallacies but instead he argues that the individual's w... Raz creates an idea of the individual's well-being results from not just one being but that individual's situation within a culture, history, and society. He makes the simple argument that if a government can make a universal decision to prevent murder, then the state can act in defense of moral reason. Raz states that 'governments should promote the moral quality of the life of those whose lives and actions they can affect.' (1988, p.415) He advocates that the individuals will adapt to society's preferences and then will be able to have a good life, striving for well-being. Raz declares that the importance of a liberal society does not rely on the individual choice, as it does for Mill, but instead the individual should be able to choose between various alternatives that have been determined and supported by the society where the individual resides. A person's well-being should not be dependant on how the individual lives their life and how they determine their actions to be of vale but rather their well-being rests on how living a life is valuable independent of how it helps the individual. As he explains, an "autonomous life is valuable only if it is spent in the pursuit of acceptable and valuable projects and relationships." (1988, p.417) To best illustrate Mill and Raz's ideals for an individual's well-being take for example an person's addiction to alcohol. Through Mill's theory, the demand and priority for an individual's liberty in this self-regarding conduct and the belief in human experimentation does not accrue any benefits for the individual. It is highly unlikely that the majority of individuals will benefit from a life influenced by drugs. Raz on the other hand argues that the life of a drug addict is clearly inferior in terms

Number of Microorganisms and Level of Spoilage Relationship

Number of Microorganisms and Level of Spoilage Relationship 1.0Â  Materials and Method 1.1Â  Chemicals 50 g of dried powder of curcumin will be extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with 500 mL of 95% ethanol. The process will be done until the solvent is colourless. The extract then will be filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The dried ethanolic extract will be stored for further usage. A stock solution of curcumin will be prepared by dissolving 10 mg of dried ethanolic extract in 10mL of ethanol (50%) to give a concentration of 1 mg/mL. All chemicals that will be used are reagent grade (will be supplied by Merck, Sigma, of Fluka) and will be used as supplied. 1.2Â  Methods 1.2.1Â  Preparation of Bacterial Cellulose Membrane Acetobacter xylinum culture will be cultivated using a Herstin-Schramm nutrient (HS) medium that consists of glucose (2 w/v%), yeast extract (0.5 w/v%), bacto-pepton (0.5 w/v%), citric acid (0.115 w/v%), Na2HPO4 (0.27 w/v%), MgSO4_7H2O (0.05 w/v%) and ethanol (1 v%) which will be added after the base has been sterilised. The culture will be cultivated in stationary conditions. The HS medium will be filled in 300 cm3 conic flasks. The bacterial breeding process will be conducted in a period of seven days at 30oC, which inoculums will be grafted at approximately 4 w% in relation to the HS medium. Glucose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, xylose and mannitol will be used as carbon sources in the biosynthesis process of bacterial cellulose. The membrane of the bacterial cellulose will be treated with NaOH (approximately 5% concentration) for 60 minutes and a temperature of 100oC so that bacterial cells can be removed and substrate from the inner layers of the bacterial cellulose film. The bacterial cells will then be rinsed with tap water until it achieves a neutral condition at around pH 7.0. To prepare the membrane sheet, 10 g of the bacterial cellulose will be blended until it is homogenous. Then, it will be casted onto the glass plate and pressed. The membrane is to be left overnight for 12 hours, and will be dried at 60 oC. The membrane sheet is to be stored away. 1.2.2Â  Immobilization of Natural Dye on Bacterial Cellulose Membrane The natural dye will be immobilized onto the bacterial cellulose membrane using absorption method. The membrane sheet will be immersed into 10 mL of curcumin stock solution (1 mg/mL) at ambient temperature for 12 hours. Then, the curcumin/cellulose membrane will be rinsed with tap water to ensure that unbound indicator within the membrane will be removed. The curcumin/cellulose membrane will be dried using an electrical drier. Finally, the curcumin/cellulose membrane will be cut into shapes according to the design of on-package sticker sensor (Figure 1). Figure 1:The design of the sticker sensor based on curcumin/cellulose membrane for broiler chicken cuts’ freshness with colour indication for fresh, medium (need to be consumed in hours) and not fresh (spoilage, do not consume). 1.2.3Â  Preparation of Broiler Chicken Cut Samples In this study, a fresh boiler chicken of normal pH (5.5-5.6) will be used. The chicken will be cut into a 100 g and 50 g portions for microbiological and sensory analysis respectively. Each portion will be placed in a low-density polyethylene plastic film (0.9 g/cm3) which will be put on plastic trays. Then, the samples will be stored in a low-temperature incubator (4-0.2 oC) and in room temperature. The temperature of the samples will be observed throughout the entire storage period with electronic temperature recording devices. Four sample packages of the chicken cut product will be taken at appropriate time samples from each storage temperature. They will be analysed for microbial growth, pH and sensory characteristics such as colour and odour. The test will be repeated for three times for each sample to increase the accuracy of the result. This means that 12 determinations in total will be taken per test condition. Then, the average value of the three determinations will be used per sample for the statistical analysis. 1.2.4Â  Microbiological Analysis Samples of chicken cuts will be weighed for 25 g each. Then, they will be added to quarter strength Ringer’s solution (225 mL) and will be homogenized in a stomacher for 60 seconds at room temperature. Decimal serial dilutions in quarter strength Ringer’s solution will then be prepared, 1 mL of 0.1 mL samples of appropriate dilutions will be spread on the surface of appropriate media in petri dishes to count (a) total aerobic viable count (TVC) on plate count agar; incubated at 25oC for 72 hours, and (b) Pseudomonas spp. on cetrimide-fucidin-cephaloridine (CFC) agar; incubated at 25oC for 48 hours. Both plates will be examined to observe typical colony types and morphological characteristics that were associated with each growth medium. Furthermore, the selectivity of each medium will be monitored regularly by Gram staining. Smears that will be prepared from randomly selected colonies from both media will also be examined using microscopic examination 1.2.5Â  Measurement of pH and VA in Broiler Chicken Cut Samples The glass electrode of a pH meter will be immersed in the homogenate of chicken meat to record the pH values at the end of microbiological analysis. Perchloric acid extracts will be taken from the chicken meat samples for analysis of TVBN levels. All the chicken meat samples will be rinsed thoroughly with tap water. The chicken meat will then skinned and minced through a meat grinder with 4 mm holes, three times. 10 g of chicken meat sample will be blended with 90 mL of PCA 6%. 50 mL of the filtrate is to be made alkaline using hydroxide 20% and distilled water for a period of 10 minutes in a 2100 Kjeltec Distillation Unit. The process will be repeated three times. 1.2.6Â  Sensory Analysis Sensory evaluation of chicken cut samples will be performed by a five-member (staff from the laboratory) sensory panel. It will be performed during storage to both chicken cut samples under chiller and room conditions. The same persons will be used in each evaluation session, but they will not know the age and temperature history of the product being tested. The evaluation will be carried out under artificial light, and the temperature of the product will be of the ambient temperature. When evaluating the product, special attention will be given to the colour, texture and odour of the chicken meat. The texture of the chicken meat will be measured by a texture meter while the odour will be judged and recorded in appropriate forms with descriptive terms, showing the organoleptic evolution of quality deterioration. A simple three-point scoring system will be used. Each characteristic will be scored on a continuous 0 to 3 hedonic scale, with 0 being the highest quality score, 1 for the a cceptable product, 2 as the limit of product acceptance or rejection point and 3 is the unacceptable chicken cut sample. 1.2.7Â  Measurement of the Visual Sticker Sensor Response The sticker sensor is made of natural dye of curcumin immobilised on bacterial cellulose and designed as in Figure 1. The sticker sensor will be placed on the packaging of the chicken cut samples, with direct contact to the atmosphere in the package through a hole that attached to the sensor. Then, the chicken cut packages will be stored at chiller and room temperature in order to assess the applicability of the developed sticker sensor to observe the spoilage process of the product. The irreversible colour change of the sensor from the initial yellow to reddish orange will be used as the measurable response of change. The kinetics of colour change of the sticker sensor will be evaluated by a hand-held colorimeter to determine the CIE colour space coordinates. 2.0Â  Expected Results The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between the number of microorganisms and level of spoilage, and also to develop an indicator to monitor the freshness of chicken. A few tests will be carried out, including microbiological analysis, pH and TVBN analysis, sensory analysis, as well as the response of the developed sticker sensor. The expected results for this experiment are: When the number of microorganism increase, the level of spoilage is higher. The pH and TVBN levels increase when the level of spoilage is higher. The sensory score will increase as the level of spoilage increase. The developed sticker sensor will remain the original colour yellow when the chicken cuts is fresh, orange when the product should be consumed in a few hours, reddish orange when the product is spoiled. 3.0Â  Abstract A few studies have shown that as the level of microbial growth increase, the level of spoilage also increase. The main objective of this study is to develop a sensor to indicate the level of spoilage that can be seen using our naked eye. The smart packaging that was invented really helped the consumers to judge the freshness of raw materials. There are a few indicator of meat freshness that has been studied, such as colour-based pH indicators and volatile compounds indicator. Examples of indicators are methyl red, natural dye of curcumin and colorimetric sensors array using e-nose. A sticker sensor will be developed using natural dye curcumin immobilized on bacterial cellulose. A few tests will be done, that are microbiological analysis, pH and TVBN analysis, sensory analysis, and the response of the developed sticker sensor to meet the goals of this study. The expected result will be the number of microorganism, pH and TVBN levels and sensory score will increase when the level of sp oilage increase. The sticker sensor will turn colour from yellow, to orange, and finally reddish orange indicating fresh, not really fresh and spoiled respectively.

The Natural and Perceval, The Story of the Holy Grail Essay -- Literar

The novel The Natural is written by Bernard Malamud. Bernard was a famous author mainly known for writing short stories and novels. He was considered one of the great American Jewish authors of the 20th century. Bernard was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants and he had a brother named Eugene. Unfortunately, Malamud entered his adolescence when the Great Depression began. The Natural is one of his more famous books, which was written in 1952. This novel is about a baseball prodigy named Roy Hobbs. He has a bat that he made himself, which he calls Wonderboy. Roy plans to join the major leagues and break all the records. However, his plans are put on hold when a woman he meets shoots. After fifteen years after the tragedy Roy goes back to baseball and is drafted to the New York Knights. Along his journey to becoming a superstar he is distracted from his goal by the women in his life. The Natural is very much similar to the mythological story of Percev al, the Story of the Holy Grail. Roy Hobbs is comparable to Perceval, Pop Fisher to the Fisher King and the pennant to the Holy Grail. Roy Hobbs and Perceval are similar because they are both the main characters of their own stories. Both their parents had some sort of natural talent. Perceval’s father was a great knight and Roy’s father was a baseball player. They then passed their gifts on to their children, which are Roy and Perceval. â€Å"Roy Hobbs is the Perceval figure of the Natural. Hobbs is a â€Å"natural† both in his ability to play baseball and in his simple and naà ¯ve manner.† (Source 4 Page 1) Perceval and Roy have special talents and are good at what they do. Perceval can fight and he leads his army to victory. â€Å"Perceval does battle with 20 of ... ... back to life again. Roy’s team was losing countless games in a row and Perceval’s kingdom has been suffering for numerous years. Nevertheless, Roy ends up not obtaining his goal and fails many people while Perceval finds the Holy Grail and is a hero among his kingdom. In conclusion, there are many characters, items and symbols in The Natural that are similar and related to the ones in Perceval, the story of the Holy Grail. Roy and Perceval are related because of their natural talents in baseball and fighting, the type of parents they come from and the same goals that they share. Pop Fisher and the Fisher King are parallel due to the related kind of illness they both have and the type of situation they are in. The pennant and the Holy Grail are comparable because they are the important treasures and goals that each of the main characters seek and hope to obtain.

Effective Communication :: essays research papers

Effective communication is vital in teaching. Fento standards encourage teachers to â€Å"select and organise relevant information clearly and concisely†¦ present information to learners clearly and in an appropriate format†¦Use a range of communication skills and methods appropriate to specific learners and to the subject being studied. (www.fento.org) The necessary information that we as practitioners are trying to impart to our learners needs to be transmitted in such a way as to eliminate as many barriers or elements of interference as possible. However there can be numerous factors which hinder the message that we are trying to convey. This is concisely encapsulated by Petty â€Å"The â€Å"check and correct† phase also provides vital feedback for the teacher. Is learning taking place? Am I teaching too quickly? Are they doing it properly? The importance of this feedback cannot be over-stressed.† (Page 30) Petty here was recognising that a common barrier to learning is that the receiver may interpret the message that we send in their own way, according to their common frames of reference, which may be different from ours as the sender. An easy trap for us as practitioners to fall in is the use of â€Å"jargon†. There may be terms or words that we may use regularly and are comfortable using, however, some of our learners may not have experienced or even understand these terms. To help to minimise this confusion Reece and Walker suggest that â€Å"Non verbal signals – or even verbal signals, from the students should give us valuable feedback on the quality of communications.† (Page 271) Therefore we as practitioners must be vigilant in recognising the subtle or even not so subtle feedback on whether the information that we have imparted to the learners has been received in the context that it was sent. This may even include a question and answer session to determine understanding. The effective design and use of conventional and ICT learning materials. The availability of new types of resources and new types of interaction can satisfy different learning preferences and present alternative ways of accessing the same information. Reece and Walker (page 181) â€Å"A good aid is one which does a particular job to assist in the learning of a particular topic for a particular group of learners. But all learners are different. So, what works for one group does not necessarily work with another.† Therefore, we must continue to evaluate any resources that we may design and create that it is appropriate for the purpose, each student’s learning style, ability and understanding.

GSP

Previous report have shown that following an SE, reactive astrocytes become hypertrophic (increasing the expression of intermediate filament proteins), and develop longer and thicker processes (Robel et al., 2015), In this study, astrocytic reaction observed in the GSP or DZP treated CSE is moderate (Plate 4.13.5b), due to the fairly stabled morphology. This could probably be linked to a reduced excitotoxicity or attenuated ROS by GSP or DZP within the hippocampus attributable to GSP treatment especially. It therefore becomes a suggestive evidence from this study that astrocytic reaction in CSE treated with either GSP or DZP is an adaptive type of astriogliosis (a defensive reaction aiming to restore homeostasis). The functional and morphologic changes astrocytes undergo in the GSP or DZP brain and during CSE may have a dual nature based on the underlying pathophysiological characteristics. On the one hand, reactive astrogliosis can occur as a compensatory mechanism following damage to the nervous system and lead to the reduction in excitability (Vargas-SÃ ¡nchez et al., 2018). In this study, there was intensification of astrocytic proliferative in the CSE + NS at 7th day post CSE. This is in consonant with the findings of Gibbons et al. (2013) that in early stages of SE there is no marked intensification in astrocytic proliferation, while at later stages, there is a rapid increase in the number of astrocytes. Although astrocytes have the capacity to proliferate just after an SE, the reported small number of new cells suggest that in models of SE reactive astrocytes are comprised mainly of the resident astrocytes present before the insult (Gibbons et al., 2013). Conclusion The major consequential effects of CSE is on higher order behaviour, most especially on indices of learning and memory which is mainly controlled by the hippocampus. These effects of CSE stemmed from reduction in percentage body weight gain, attenuation in the relative hippocampal weight to the brain, decreased spatial and object recognition memory. However, memory impairment observed in this study was attributed to alteration in the cholinergic neurotransmitters, increased excitotoxicity, pro-oxidant/ antioxidant imbalance which led to exacerbation of oxidative stress of the hippocampus, hippocampal atrophy and necrosis, astriogliosis, and generation of abnormal granule cells in the hillus of the dentate gyrus, All these dysfunction were significantly attenuated by GSP treatment, the effect that was better tolerated than that of a conventional anticonvulsant drug- DZP. It is therefore concluded that GSP can be used is a better agent in the treatment of CSE due to its attenuation in memory impairment and insignificant adverse effects. Recommendation The principal goal of CSE treatment is the termination of seizure with little or no attendant on-toward side effects. It is evident from this study that apart from the fact that GSP (20 mg/kg or 10mg/kg) attenuated hippocampal excitotoxicity and astriogliosis following CSE, it also posed no significant side effects on the indices of learning and memory. This study therefore recommends further experimental research on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities of GSP.